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In other words, there is nothing in the behavior of an individual under the acute effects of 75 μg of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD, a potent psychedelic drug) that unequivocally indicates the presence of visual distortions or feelings of body boundlessness - only by explicit linguistic reports is this individual capable of communicating the full extent of the drug-induced subjective effects. In contrast, the subjective effects of psychedelics are not linked to rigid and characteristic behavioral patterns, since they can include states of excitation or relaxation depending on the background and intention of the user (“set”), as well as the surrounding environment (“setting”) ( Carhart-Harris et al., 2018). This is not true for most psychoactive drugs: the effects of sedatives or stimulants, for example, can be directly appreciated by the observation of behavior, which validates the use of animal models for their investigation ( Gonçalves, 2021). Perhaps the most well-known recollection of a drug-induced experience in Western literature, “The Doors of Perception” by Aldous Huxley, stems from the author’s experimentation with mescaline, a naturally occurring psychedelic phenethylamine ( Huxley, 1954).ĭue to the complexity of the effects they induce, it is almost impossible for users of psychedelic drugs to communicate the nature of their subjective experience without resorting to language or other form of explicit reporting ( Shulgin et al., 1986). The urge to report drug-induced experiences is notable for the serotonergic psychedelics (5-HT2A receptor agonists), a class of compounds capable of eliciting deep modifications in the contents of consciousness, including changes to visual, auditory and somatosensory perception, distortions in the sense of self and in the spatial location and extent of body boundaries, increased emotional volatility, and mystical-type experiences, which encompass feelings of bliss, transcendence, ineffability and selflessness, among other defining characteristics ( Nichols, 2016 Preller and Vollenweider, 2016 Johnson et al., 2019). What is certain is that, throughout history, some humans have adopted an exploratory attitude towards drugs, experiencing their effects and then communicating to others the nature of their subjective experiences by means of written or spoken language ( Escohotado, 1999). From an evolutionary standpoint, the reasons behind this inclination are not yet fully understood.
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Finally, we list a series of questions and open problems that should be addressed to further consolidate this approach.īoth humans and other animals display a natural tendency to consume drugs that transiently modify their behavior, cognition and overall state of consciousness ( Samorini, 2002).
We conclude that researchers studying psychedelics can considerably expand the range of their potential scientific conclusions by analyzing brief interviews obtained before, during and after the acute effects.
We show that the computational characterization of language production is capable of partially predicting the therapeutic outcome of individual experiences, relate the effects elicited by psychedelics with those associated with other altered states of consciousness, draw comparisons between the psychedelic state and the symptomatology of certain psychiatric disorders, and investigate the neurochemical profile and mechanism of action of different psychedelic drugs.
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This review is focused on two aspects of this interaction: how the acute effects of psychedelic drugs impact on speech organization regardless of its semantic content, and how to characterize the subjective effects of psychedelic drugs by analyzing the semantic content of written retrospective reports. In spite of its relevance, the interaction between serotonergic psychedelics and language production is comparatively understudied in the recent literature. Because of this, psychedelic research tends to focus on human subjects, given their capacity to construct detailed narratives about the contents of their consciousness experiences. Psychedelics are drugs capable of eliciting profound alterations in the subjective experience of the users, sometimes with long-lasting consequences.
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